LEARNING DISENGAGEMENT DETERMINANTS AND SOME PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEMS IN ONLINE LEARNING

Abstract

Learning disengagement or what is also called ghosting or off-task activities is a situation where students are behaviorally, cognitively, emotionally, and socially not in learning conditions and activities. The learning disengagement phenomenon is one of the main problems in online learning. It can cause learning to be lost and learning objectives not to be achieved if this is not managed properly and appropriately. Therefore, it is important to find out whether students are engaged or not, and what are the determinant factors that cause this to happen. Recent studies have identified research on student disengagement in online learning as lacking, and thus it is critical to further understand why this is happening. This study uses a systematic literature review of the number of research in scientific journals on the conceptualization of learning disengagement in academic studies; learning disengagement phenomena (behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social) in online learning; factors determining the occurrence of learning disengagement; levels (macro and micro) of learning disengagement; and several important issues in online learning pedagogy that cause learning disengagement to occur. Recommendations for further research and study contributions to the need for innovative online learning theories that involve students more active and participative are also discussed.