FACTORS AND IMPACTS OF WORK-LIFE BALANCE OF POLICE OFFICERS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

The police work environment has different characteristics from other institutions, as a result, work-life balance is a challenge for police officers in carrying out their service duties to the community. Based on this background, this study aims to review previous studies that discuss the main factors and impacts related to work-life balance for police officers. This study is a literature review of previous research investigating the determinants and impacts of work-life balance for police officers. The selected articles were published from 2019 to 2023 from selected journals . The number of key factors were found that influence the achievement of work-life balance of police officer and the impact it has. This research looks at trends in the study of work-life balance in police officers so that it can provide a conceptual framework for future research and practical suggestions for police institutions.


Introduction
In the police work environment, there are factors that can contribute to conflict between work and personal life of police officers.These factors may include high workloads, irregular schedule changes, or other organizational pressures that can disrupt work-life balance (Anju & Punia, 2022).Factors that contribute to a good work-life balance, such as effective time management or organizational support to cope with stress Based on Tiwari's (2023) review, work-life balance pertains to psychological aspects, conflicts, moods, and potential negative impacts on an individual.An imbalance between work and personal life can lead to various problems with detrimental consequences.In the context of police work, an imbalance can result in increased stress levels, physical and mental fatigue, and mental health risks.Officers struggling to distinguish between work demands and family or rest time are vulnerable to burnout, decreased productivity, and even family conflicts.This can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, and a decrease in life quality.Therefore, understanding and support from the organizational environment, coupled with effective work-life balance management strategies, are crucial in preventing and addressing these negative impacts.
Based on Tiwari's (2023) review, work-life balance relates to psychological aspects, conflicts, moods, and potential negative impacts on an individual.An imbalance between work and personal life can give rise to various problems with detrimental consequences.In the police work context, such an imbalance might manifest as heightened stress levels, physical and mental fatigue, and risks to mental health.Officers who find it challenging to differentiate between work demands and family or rest time are at risk of burnout, diminished productivity, and familial conflicts.This situation can induce feelings of anxiety and depression and a decline in life quality.Thus, the understanding and support from the organizational environment, together with effective strategies for managing work-life balance, are pivotal in mitigating these adverse effects.
Work-life balance can be conceptualized as striking the right equilibrium between professionalism (career and ambition) and personal life (encompassing health, leisure, family, and spiritual development/meditation). Balance entails having ample time to fulfill commitments both at home and at work (Lavelakar et al., 2019).The term "quality of work-life balance" is used to denote the equilibrium an individual seeks between the time dedicated to work and other life facets, such as personal interests, family, and social or recreational activities (Naganandhini & Malliga, 2019).
Regarding job and family conflicts for police officers, work-life balance has become a salient issue in contemporary organizations.The social and family lives of police personnel often intertwine and interfere with each other due to the demands of their roles and familial responsibilities (Naganandhini & Malliga, 2019).Numerous studies have delved into factors associated with the work-life balance of police officers (e.g., Kaushal & Parmar, 2019;Omar et al., 2020;Bhayangkara, 2022;Anju & Punia, 2022;Burchell, 2023).On the flip side, police officers represent a pivotal asset to the community, given their integral roles and functions.Prioritizing their well-being and welfare is of utmost importance (Naganandhini & Malliga, 2019).
Based on the above considerations, it is crucial to examine the factors influencing work-life balance and the implications of these factors for police officers.This study aims to summarize and review the findings from previous research concerning the determinants and effects of work-life balance on police personnel.Of the 20 articles we reviewed, only the article by Coleman (2021) addressed the determinants and consequences of work-life balance for police officers.Therefore, the novelty of this study lies in proposing a conceptual framework concerning the factors and effects of work-life balance for police officers, distinguishing it from prior research.

Methods
This study is a comprehensive literature review, examining recent and relevant literature that investigates the factors influencing the work-life balance of police personnel and their implications.Papers were sourced by searching Google Scholar and Sciencedirect using a combination of related keywords, namely: 'work-life balance', 'police officer', 'quality of work life', 'work-life conflicts', 'work overload', 'long working hours', and 'job stress'.The paper search was conducted manually.The reviewed papers were published between January 2019 and June 2023, all of which are cited in the references section.

Results and Discussion
Based on a review of previous research related to the theme of work-life balance among police officers, the following summary was obtained: Based on the findings from twenty research articles summarized in Table 1, various factors that can influence the work-life balance of police officers are revealed as follows: difference was found between married and unmarried police personnel regarding work and personal life balance.Male police officers experienced fewer interruptions from work in their personal lives compared to their female counterparts.However, in other studies, work-life conflicts were found to be prevalent among working women.As Bhuvaneswari & Thirumoorthi (2019) pointed out, when a working woman, especially if she's married, tries to juggle her dual roles in personal and professional life, she faces mental strains and complexities, leading to what's termed as 'role conflict.'This becomes a significant challenge for women aiming for higher positions in their careers since both roles are equally demanding and crucial.
On a different note, Bhayangkara (2022) emphasized that police members should work professionally.Being professional means being an expert in one's field and demonstrating a profound understanding of mastery in the role as a police member.Police professionalism in their bureaucratic duties involves aligning skills to enhance their performance.This is measured through content, effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability.The effectiveness of the police organization's bureaucracy lies in the smooth execution of tasks by its members.Hence, work-life balance becomes a continuum between work life and personal life, yielding satisfaction when both aspects are harmoniously aligned.
In a study by Nasrudin et al. (2022) on the Southeast Sulawesi Regional Police, issues related to the police workload were highlighted.The research showed that the high workload and associated risks often result in police officers spending more time at work than with their families.Excessive workloads can adversely affect performance and job satisfaction.According to the Internal Government Regulation no.12/2008 Article 7 paragraph 2, workload is defined in terms of obligations an employee must fulfill as part of the organization, volume of work, and time norms.Work-life balance can be interpreted as the equilibrium achieved by police officers between their professional duties and personal life.It is a concept explaining a police officer's ability to manage both work environtment and familial responsibilities.A balanced work-life is when an individual effectively juggles work responsibilities with family life and other obligations.Achieving this balance helps prevent conflicts between personal life and professional commitments.In situations where police officers can manage their time and energy effectively, they can strike a balance between work, individual needs, recreation, and family life.When police officers have a good work-life balance, they tend to be more productive, because they feel more supported and satisfied in their roles.This balance also allows for increased creativity due to the availability of more time, energy, or resources to explore various tasks.Conversely, an absence of worklife balance can lead to decreased performance and negatively impact other areas of one's life.Essien et al. (2023), in their research, examined the relationship between work-life balance and organizational performance within the Nigerian Police at Ikot Akpan Abia, Akwa Ibom State.Two hypotheses were formulated in line with the research objectives.From a sample of 353 respondents drawn from a population of 3,008 personnel, it was found that all proxies for work-life balance had a significant positive relationship with organizational performance.Therefore, the government should introduce flexible work arrangements, such as remote work options for specific roles within the police force, where officers can perform their duties from remote locations using technology.Through welfare policies, the government should ensure that police officers receive competitive salaries and benefits that reflect the demands and risks associated with their roles.A comprehensive health and well-being initiative should be implemented, emphasizing the physical and mental welfare of police officers, as this will enhance organizational performance.The government should also encourage officers to take breaks and engage in activities outside of work to recharge, fostering a healthy work-life integration.Providing such flexible work arrangements can help reduce commute times, enhance productivity, and improve both the work-life balance and overall organizational performance.
In their research, Besagas and Branzuela (2023) identified a significant relationship between job stress, quality of work life, and work-life balance.Additionally, the quality of work life among police officers partially mediates the relationship between job-induced stress and the work-life balance of police members.Similar findings were echoed by Omar et al. (2020) who discovered a significant correlation between job stress and work-life balance, identifying it as a stressor for traffic police officers in Malaysia.To help alleviate stress among employees, traffic police management should consider solutions to balance work and personal life, such as flexible working hours and leave policies.Job performance indicators such as discipline, sense of responsibility, and compliance are heightened among police officers with a favorable Quality of Work Life (QWL).Leaders can offer motivation, instill confidence, and establish rational regulations to prevent police officers from experiencing additional stress at work.Wijaya et al. (2021) posited that effective coping mechanisms can enhance the physical and mental states of police officers, boost performance, and ultimately elevate the QWL of each member.
Another determinant of work-life balance in Anju and Punia's (2022) study is excessive workload, role ambiguity, and extended working hours, which directly correlate and contribute to conflicts in police work life.As a result of this imbalance, they also experience life dissatisfaction.One of the most significant stress factors an individual encounters is the conflict in their work life.Consequently, balancing personal and professional life remains the only avenue to address conflicts and stress resulting from work life (Anju & Punia, 2022).
Based on these aspects, several factors influencing the work-life balance of police officers can be deduced, and its implications for both personal life and the organization are depicted in Figure 1 below: and personal-related factors such as emotional intelligence, social background, sleep duration, opportunities for family gatherings, and leisure hours.
These three aspects can influence the quality of work-life balance among police officers.Therefore, efforts to address a lack of work-life balance should aim to foster self-development, boosting individual and organizational performance.This equilibrium is essential as an individual's optimal performance is crucial for any organization's growth and the personal growth of the employee (Anjum, 2021).Thus, both individual and organizational performance aspects are equally significant.Based on this, we propose a conceptual framework for future research, illustrated in Figure 2 that follows.
Figure 2 illustrates that demographic factors, personal-related factors, and work-related factors can influence the work-life balance of police personnel.This, in turn, can positively impact personnel development, which has implications for organizational performance in police institutions.This serves as a conceptual framework for subsequent research.

Conclusions
Based on the discussions and analysis of 20 articles, it can be concluded that several factors influence the quality of the work-life balance of police personnel.These factors have been categorized into three groups: demographic factors, personal-related factors, and work-related factors.Drawing from the literature review, we have formulated a conceptual framework to guide future research.
A limitation of this study is that the Conceptual Framework, derived from our literature review, has not been empirically tested, either qualitatively or quantitatively.By testing this model, researchers and leaders in police institutions can gain a richer perspective in developing the relationships depicted in the model.
The practical implication of this study suggests that police institutions should consider effective strategies in managing demographic, personal-related, and work-related factors.This would contribute positively to achieving a work-life balance for police personnel and support the enhancement of personnel's selfdevelopment and the general performance of the police institutions.It's imperative for police institutions to prioritize a balance between professional tasks and the personal lives of their members, ensuring optimal mental and physical well-being.The integrative model of work-life balance can be implemented.This approach acknowledges the intricate reciprocal relationship between work and personal life, particularly emphasizing work schedule flexibility.Additionally, it's crucial for police institutions to adopt the support enrichment concept, emphasizing the importance of social and organizational support.Creating a supportive work environment where team members feel emotionally and practically backed by colleagues and leadership is vital.Initiatives such as employee wellness programs, psychological counseling, and stress management training can help counterbalance pressures that might disrupt this equilibrium.By integrating these insights, the hope is that police institutions will implement policies and practices that recognize not only professional tasks but also the personal needs of their members.This would enable police institutions to strike a balance Police institutions should also consider collaborative studies with leading researchers in this domain, further assisting in developing more tailored and effective approaches for a better balance between job demands and personal life for police members.By doing so, police institutions can lay a robust foundation to address worklife balance challenges, enhancing the overall well-being of their members, which in turn can influence their self-development and lead to improved organizational performance.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework for Future Research and personal life quality, ensuring team members can contribute optimally while maintaining their well-being.

Table 1 .
Previous Research

th International Seminar on Business, Economics, Social Science, and Technology (ISBEST) 2023
Source: various literatures reviewed(2023)