Status Yuridis Perjanjian Celah Timor (Timor Gap Treaty) serta Dampak Aktual bagi Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33830/semnasip.v2i1.6329Keywords:
Australia, Celah Timor, Indonesia, Timor LesteAbstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis posisi Australia terhadap Perjanjian Celah Timor tahun 1989, mengevaluasi status hukumnya dalam kerangka perjanjian internasional, serta dampak ketidakpastian batas maritim Indonesia-Timor Leste. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan studi pustaka. Australia awalnya menandatangai Perjanjian Celah Timor dengan Indonesia pada tahun 1989 dengan motivasi kerjasama untuk mengakses sumber daya hidrokarbon di Celah Timor. Namun, pasca kemerdekaan Timor Leste, Australia melakukan manuver diplomatik dengan menandatangani Perjanjian Laut Timor tahun 2018 tanpa melibatkan Indonesia, didorong kepentingan strategis atas cadangan minyak. Secara hukum, kemerdekaan Timor Leste menjadi perubahan mendasar (rebus sic stantibus) yang membatalkan Perjanjian 1989 berdasarkan Pasal 62 Konvensi Wina 1969. Indonesia perlu menyesuaikan klaim maritim sesuai UNCLOS 1982 dengan prinsip equidistance dan natural prolongation. Ketidakpastian batas maritim mengakibatkan tumpang tindih klaim ZEE di Blok Greater Sunrise, berpotensi merugikan ekonomi Indonesia miliaran dolar. Aktivitas penangkapan ikan illegal (IUU Fishing) meningkat akibat lemahnya penegakan hukum di zona sengketa, berdampak pada pendapatan nelayan lokal. Selain itu, ketiadaan batas tegas memicu tantangan kedaulatan, hambatan diplomasi, dan ancaman keamanan seperti penyelundupan dan perdagangan manusia. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan perlunya negosiasi intensif yang berbasis UNCLOS untuk menetapkan batas maritim yang jelas, menjamin kepastian hukum, dan melindungi kepentingan nasional Indonesia
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