Every Resident at Risk: Air Pollution Health Economics in Asia Afrika Heritage Corridor Bandung Indonesia
Keywords:
Air pollution, Health risk assessment, Economic analysis, Heritage corridor, Pm₂.₅, Urban health policyAbstract
Urban air pollution represents the leading environmental health threat globally, with transportation contributing 25–30% of particulate emissions in developing Asian cities. This study addresses the critical reality that 100% of population faces unacceptable health risks from traffic-related air pollution in the historic Asia Afrika Heritage Corridor, Bandung, Indonesia. Through integration of US EPA four-step risk assessment with economic discounting analysis, comprehensive data collection was conducted (n=50 participants, 1,247 total observed). Using equivalent population methodology, 179.9 full-time equivalent persons were analyzed for standardized risk assessment. Results demonstrated severe air quality crisis with PM₂.₅ concentrations reaching 42.5 μg/m³ in 2024 (8.5× WHO guidelines), causing 38 attributable disease cases annually with healthcare costs of Rp 221 million. Among 179.9 equivalent population exposed, 100% faced unacceptable health risks (HQ=3.54). Economic analysis using 5% social discount rate yielded portfolio Net Present Value of Rp 506 million with 98.9% positive return probability. Vehicle restriction strategy demonstrated optimal cost-effectiveness (BCR=2.16). Implementation of integrated mitigation portfolio can prevent 24 disease cases annually (62% reduction) and achieve WHO-compliant PM₂.₅ concentrations by 2030. This screening-level assessment provides conservative lower-bound estimates based on regional air quality data; actual corridor-specific risks may be 20-40% higher given traffic density and urban canyon effects.
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