Teachers' Technological Readiness in Digital Learning: A Systematic Literature Review

Authors

  • Ratna Irmayanti Universitas Sebelas Maret
  • Sri Marmoah Universitas Sebelas Maret
  • Mohamed Azman Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris

Keywords:

Digital Learning, Teachers, Technological Readiness

Abstract

Technology is a crucial component in 21st century learning, but teachers’ readiness to integrate technology remains a significant challenge. This article aims to analyze the trends, supporting and inhibiting factors, and competencies required by teachers in technology readiness and implementation within digital learning. A systematic literature review approach was used, employing the Publish Or Perish (PoP) search engine to identify 48 peer-reviewed papers from Scopus, Web of Science, and Crossref databases published between 2014 and 2024. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis to systematically explore the relationships between the identified concepts. The review found that teachers' readiness to integrate technology in digital learning varies. Some teachers are less ready due to limited technical skills, poor access, and low motivation, while others are more prepared with sufficient training and experience. Key factors that support readiness include technology-based training, adequate resources, and flexible policies, while inhibiting factors like poor infrastructure, anxiety, and low confidence remain. To improve technology integration, teachers need to develop skills in ICT, instructional design, and technology literacy. Although teacher technology readiness remains a challenge, it can be addressed through enhanced training, continuous support, and improved infrastructure, especially concerning access to technology and supportive policies.

References

Arvesu, H. (2023). Technology Readiness on Students’ Behavior and Engagement. International Journal of Research Publications, 123(1), 539–552. https://doi.org/10.47119/ijrp1001231420234724

Aditya, D. S. (2021). Embarking Digital Learning Due to COVID-19: are Teachers Ready? Journal of Technology and Science Education, 11(1), 104–116. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1109

Ahmad, F., Pudjiarti, E., & Sari, E. P. (2021). Penerapan Metode Technology Readiness Index Untuk Mengukur Tingkat Kesiapan Anak Sekolah Dasar Melakukan Pembelajaran Berbasis Online Pada SD Muhammadiyah 09 Plus. JTIM : Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Dan Multimedia, 3(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.35746/jtim.v3i1.126

Akram, H., Abdelrady, A. H., Al-Adwan, A. S., & Ramzan, M. (2022). Teachers’ Perceptions of Technology Integration in Teaching-Learning Practices: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(June), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920317

Al-Araibi, A. A. M., Mahrin, M. N. Bin, & Yusoff, R. C. M. (2016). A systematic literature review of technological factors for e-learning readiness in higher education. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 93(2), 500–521.

Al-Awidi, H., & Aldhafeeri, F. (2017). Teachers’ readiness to implement digital curriculum in Kuwaiti schools. Journal of Information Technology Education:Research, 16, 105–126.

Al-Furaih, S. A. A., & Al-Awidi, H. M. (2020). Teachers’ Change Readiness for the Adoption of Smartphone Technology: Personal Concerns and Technological Competency. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 25(2), 409–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9396-6

Alakrash, H. M., & Razak, N. A. (2021). Education and the fourth industrial revolution: Lessons from COVID-19. Computers, Materials and Continua, 70(1), 951–962. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2022.014288

Alda, R., Boholano, H., & Dayagbil, F. (2020). Teacher education institutions in the philippines towards education 4.0. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(8), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.8.8

Alfarani, L. A. (2015). Influences on the adoption of mobile learning in Saudi women teachers in higher education. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 9(2), 58–62. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v9i2.4411

Almusawi, H. A., Durugbo, C. M., & Bugawa, A. M. (2021). Innovation in physical education: Teachers’ perspectives on readiness for wearable technology integration. Computers and Education, 167(February), 104185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104185

Andarwulan, T., Al Fajri, T. A., & Damayanti, G. (2021). Elementary teachers’ readiness toward the online learning policy in the new normal era during Covid-19. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 771–786. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14345a

Anisimova, T. I., Sabirova, F. M., & Shatunova, O. V. (2020). Formation of design and research competencies in future teachers in the framework of STEAM education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(2), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i02.11537

Apak, J., Taat, M. S., & Suki, N. M. (2021). Measuring teacher creativity-nurturing behavior and readiness for 21st century classroom management. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, 17(3), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTE.20210701.oa4

Archibald, D. E., Graham, C. R., & Larsen, R. (2021). Validating a blended teaching readiness instrument for primary/secondary preservice teachers. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(2), 536–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13060

Asghar, M. Z., Barberà, E., & Younas, I. (2021). Mobile learning technology readiness and acceptance among pre-service teachers in Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Knowledge Management and E-Learning, 13(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2021.13.005

Bardach, L., Klassen, R. M., Durksen, T. L., Rushby, J. V., Bostwick, K. C. P., & Sheridan, L. (2021). The power of feedback and reflection: Testing an online scenario-based learning intervention for student teachers. Computers and Education, 169(February), 104194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104194

Batac, K. I. T., Baquiran, J. A., & Agaton, C. B. (2021). Qualitative content analysis of teachers’ perceptions and experiences in using blended learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(6), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.26803/IJLTER.20.6.12

Bicer, A., & Capraro, R. M. (2017). Longitudinal effects of technology integration and teacher professional development on students’ mathematics achievement. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(3), 815–833. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00645a

Caner, M., & Aydin, S. (2021). Self Efficacy Beliefs of Pre-service Teachers on Technology Integration. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 22(3), 76–96. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.961820

Carrier, M. (2017). Introduction to Digital Learning. In Digital Language Learning and Teaching (pp. 1–10). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315523293-1

Cattaneo, A. A. P., Antonietti, C., & Rauseo, M. (2022). How digitalised are vocational teachers? Assessing digital competence in vocational education and looking at its underlying factors. Computers and Education, 176(March 2021), 104358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104358

Chik, Z., Abdullah, A. H., Mohd Noor, A. Z., & Ismail, M. S. (2024). Impact of Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR4.0) Knowledge, Application Learning, University Policy, Commitment to Study and Motivation on Assimilate IR4.0 in Education. Journal of Economics, Finance And Management Studies, 07(07), 3884–3889. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v7-i7-06

Chou, C. L., Hung, M. L., Tsai, C. W., & Chang, Y. C. (2020). Developing and validating a scale for measuring teachers’ readiness for flipped classrooms in junior high schools. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(4), 1420–1435. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12895

Clarke, L., & Abbott, L. (2016). Young pupils’, their teacher’s and classroom assistants’ experiences of iPads in a Northern Ireland school: “Four and five years old, who would have thought they could do that?” British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(6), 1051–1064. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12266

Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 297–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262613

Cuhadar, C. (2018). Investigation of pre-service teachers’ levels of readiness to technology integration in education. Contemporary Educational Technology, 9(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/6211

Eraku, S. S., Baruadi, M. K., Anantadjaya, S. P., Fadjarajani, S., Supriatna, U., & Arifin, A. (2021). Digital Literacy and Educators of Islamic Education. Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(01), 569. https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v10i01.1533

Fuad, M., Ariyani, F., Suyanto, E., & Shidiq, A. S. (2020). Exploring teachers’ tpck: Are indonesian language teachers ready for online learning during the covid-19 outbreak? Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11B), 6091–6102. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.082245

Gorshenin, A. (2018). Toward Modern Educational IT-ecosystems: From Learning Management Systems to Digital Platforms. International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops, 2018-Novem, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUMT.2018.8631229

Haji, S., Yumiati, Y., & Wijaya, T. T. (2025). Reconceptualizing authenticity in problem-based learning for linear algebra course: A multi-stakeholder analysis of video-based hybrid instruction. International Journal of Didactic Mathematics in Distance Education, 3(1), 44–63. https://doi.org/10.33830/ijdmde.v3i1.13479

Herzog, C., Handke, C., & Hitters, E. (2019). Analyzing Talk and Text II: Thematic Analysis. In The Palgrave Handbook of Methods for Media Policy Research (Issue April, pp. 385–401). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16065-4_22

Hrytsenchuk, O. O., Ivaniuk, I. V., Kravchyna, O. Y., Malytska, I. D., Ovcharuk, O. V., & Soroko, N. V. (2018). European experience of the teachers’ digital competence development in the context of modern educational reforms. Information Technologies and Learning Tools, 65(3), 316. https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v65i3.2387

İncek, K. M. (2017). The relationship among pre-service teachers ‘ computer competence , attitude towards computer-assisted education , and intention of technology acceptance Meltem Huri Baturay * Şahin Gökçearslan Fengfeng Ke. Int. J. Technology Enhanced Learning, 9(1), 1–13.

Isnawan, M. G., Alsulami, N. M., Hidayat, R., & Kuswara, R. D. (2026). Hybrid didactic design research for fraction understanding during pandemic-induced remote learning: Addressing ontogenic, didactical, and epistemological obstacles. International Journal of Didactic Mathematics in Distance Education, 3(1), 83–105. https://doi.org/10.33830/ijdmde.v3i1.12898

Joseph, G. V., Thomas, K. A., & Nero, A. (2021). Impact of Technology Readiness and Techno Stress on Teacher Engagement in Higher Secondary Schools. Digital Education Review, 40, 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1344/der.2021.40.51-65

Kim, K., & Kwon, K. (2023). Exploring the AI competencies of elementary school teachers in South Korea. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4(April), 100137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100137

Kitchenham, B & Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. Technical Report, Ver. 2.3 EBSE Technical Report. EBSE, 1(January 2007), 1–54. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.117.471&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Krasnova, L., & Shurygin, V. (2019). Blended learning of physics in the context of the professional development of teachers. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(23), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i23.11084

Kuzminska, O., Mazorchuk, M., Morze, N., Pavlenko, V., & Prokhorov, A. (2019). Study of Digital Competence of the Students and Teachers in Ukraine. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1007(January), 148–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13929-2_8

Leacock, C. J., & Warrican, S. J. (2020). Helping teachers to respond to COVID-19 in the Eastern Caribbean: issues of readiness, equity and care. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 576–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1803733

Lee, Y. S. (2024). Qualitative and mixed methods. In Translational Orthopedics (pp. 229–232). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85663-8.00010-6

Li, B. (2022). Ready for Online? Exploring EFL Teachers’ ICT Acceptance and ICT Literacy During COVID-19 in Mainland China. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 60(1), 196–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211028934

Li, Y., Garza, V., Keicher, A., & Popov, V. (2019). Predicting High School Teacher Use of Technology: Pedagogical Beliefs, Technological Beliefs and Attitudes, and Teacher Training. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 24(3), 501–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9355-2

Lie, A., Tamah, S. M., Gozali, I., Triwidayati, K. R., Utami, T. S. D., & Jemadi, F. (2020). Secondary School Language Teachers’ Online Learning Engagement During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 19(October), 803–832. https://doi.org/10.28945/4626

Little, T. D., Stickley, Z. L., Rioux, C., & Wu, W. (2024). Quantitative research methods. In Encyclopedia of Adolescence (pp. 403–417). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-96023-6.00095-6

Looi, C. K., Sun, D., Seow, P., & Chia, G. (2014). Enacting a technology-based science curriculum across a grade level: The journey of teachers’ appropriation. Computers and Education, 71, 222–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.10.006

Lukas, B. A., & Yunus, M. M. (2021). ESL teachers’ challenges in implementing e-learning during COVID-19. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(2), 330–348. https://doi.org/10.26803/IJLTER.20.2.18

Monike, R. S., Sudirman, S., Kandaga, T., & Rodríguez-Nieto, C. A. (2025). Effectiveness of ChatGPT-integrated discovery learning on mathematical literacy in three-variable linear equation systems: A quasi-experimental study. International Journal of Didactic Mathematics in Distance Education, 3(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.33830/ijdmde.v3i1.13157

Mufidah, A., Puspitasari, N., Khusna, K., & Suroso, I. (2024). Pendampingan Pembelajaran Metode Penelitian Gabungan (Mixed Method) di IAIS Lumajang. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Akademisi, 3(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.54099/jpma.v3i1.871

Ngao, A. I., Sang, G., & Kihwele, J. E. (2022). Understanding Teacher Educators’ Perceptions and Practices about ICT Integration in Teacher Education Program. Education Sciences, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12080549

Nikolopoulou, K., Gialamas, V., Lavidas, K., & Komis, V. (2021). Teachers’ Readiness to Adopt Mobile Learning in Classrooms: A Study in Greece. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 26(1), 53–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-020-09453-7

Osakwe, J., Dlodlo, N., & Jere, N. (2017). Where learners’ and teachers’ perceptions on mobile learning meet: A case of Namibian secondary schools in the Khomas region. Technology in Society, 49, 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.12.004

Pablos, V. B.-G.-, Matarranz, M., Casado-Aranda, L. A., & Otto, A. (2022). Teachers’ digital competencies in higher education: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00312-8

Park, M. H., Dimitrov, D. M., Patterson, L. G., & Park, D. Y. (2017). Early childhood teachers’ beliefs about readiness for teaching science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 15(3), 275–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X15614040

Park, M., & Son, J. B. (2022). Pre-service EFL teachers’ readiness in computer-assisted language learning and teaching. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 42(2), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1815649

Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology readiness index (TRI): A multiple-item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technologies. Journal of Service Research, 2(4), 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467050024001

Perifanou, M., Economides, A. A., & Tzafilkou, K. (2021). Teachers’ Digital Skills Readiness During COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(8), 238–251.

Petko, D., Prasse, D., & Cantieni, A. (2018). The Interplay of School Readiness and Teacher Readiness for Educational Technology Integration: A Structural Equation Model. Computers in the Schools, 35(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2018.1428007

Rashid, A. H. A., Shukor, N. A., Tasir, Z., & Na, K. S. (2021). Teachers’ perceptions and readiness toward the implementation of virtual learning environment. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(1), 209–214. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i1.21014

Rasmitadila, Aliyyah, R. R., Rachmadtullah, R., Samsudin, A., Syaodih, E., Nurtanto, M., & Tambunan, A. R. S. (2020). The perceptions of primary school teachers of online learning during the covid-19 pandemic period: A case study in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(2), 90–109. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/388

Rienties, B., Herodotou, C., Olney, T., Schencks, M., & Boroowa, A. (2018). Making sense of learning analytics dashboards: A technology acceptance perspective of 95 teachers. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(5), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v19i5.3493

Rodríguez-Muñiz, L. J., Burón, D., Aguilar-González, Á., & Muñiz-Rodríguez, L. (2021). Secondary mathematics teachers’ perception of their readiness for emergency remote teaching during the covid-19 pandemic: A case study. Education Sciences, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11050228

Spiteri, M., & Chang Rundgren, S. N. (2020). Literature Review on the Factors Affecting Primary Teachers’ Use of Digital Technology. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 25(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9376-x

Stojšić, I., Ivkov-Džigurski, A., & Marĭić, O. (2019). The readiness of geography teachers to use mobile devices in the context of immersive technologies integration into the teaching process. Geographica Pannonica, 23(2), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.5937/gp23-20762

Sudirman, Rodríguez-Nieto, C. A., Hidayat, R., Isnawan, M. G., Pauzan, M., Yumiati, Martadiputra, B. A. P., & Faizah, S. (2026). Operationalizing didactical situation-based online learning to support eighth-grade students’ mathematical reasoning and understanding in geometry: Participatory design research. Journal on Mathematics Education, 17(1), 43–68. https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.v17i1.pp43-68

Sudirman, S., Martadiputra, B. A. P., Faizah, S., Rodríguez-Nieto, C., Soeharto, S., Lavicza, Z., ... & Suprihatin, R. J. (2026). Integrating steam-based MOOC as a supplement to didactical and pedagogical practices in school mathematics: A design-based research. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 16(1), 125-146. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.3633

Sudirman, S., Andrés Rodríguez-Nieto, C., Dani Prasetyo Adi, P., Bukhori Muslim, A., Faizah, S., Dwi Susandi, A., & SaDijah, C. (2025). Contextualising AR digital module instruction as artifacts in 3D geometry: a didactical tetrahedron action research. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 1-27.

Sulaeman, N., Efwinda, S., & Putra, P. D. A. (2022). Teacher readiness in STEM education: Voices of Indonesian Physics teachers. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 12(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1191

Sun, Y., Strobel, J., & Newby, T. J. (2017). The impact of student teaching experience on pre-service teachers’ readiness for technology integration: A mixed methods study with growth curve modeling. Educational Technology Research and Development, 65(3), 597–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-016-9486-x

Tremmel, M., Gerdtham, U. G., Nilsson, P. M., & Saha, S. (2017). Economic burden of obesity: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040435

Valtonen, T., Kukkonen, J., Kontkanen, S., Mäkitalo-Siegl, K., & Sointu, E. (2018). Differences in pre-service teachers’ knowledge and readiness to use ICT in education. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34(2), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12225

Valtonen, T., Leppänen, U., Hyypiä, M., Sointu, E., Smits, A., & Tondeur, J. (2020). Fresh perspectives on TPACK: pre-service teachers’ own appraisal of their challenging and confident TPACK areas. Education and Information Technologies, 25(4), 2823–2842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10092-4

Wohlfart, O., & Wagner, I. (2023). Teachers’ role in digitalizing education: an umbrella review. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71(2), 339–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-022-10166-0

Wu, L., Looi, C. K., Multisilta, J., How, M. L., Choi, H., Hsu, T. C., & Tuomi, P. (2020). Teacher’s Perceptions and Readiness to Teach Coding Skills: A Comparative Study Between Finland, Mainland China, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 29(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-019-00485-x

Zizikova, S. I. (2021). Transformation Of Education In The Context Of Digitalization. Proceedings of Global Challenges and Prospects of The Modern Economic Development (GCPMED 2020), 15-16 December, 2020, Samara State University of Economics, Samara, Russia, 106, 1074–1081. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.04.02.128

Zyad, H. (2016). Integrating computers in the classroom: Barriers and teachers’ attitudes. International Journal of Instruction, 9(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2016.916a

Downloads

Published

2026-03-17

How to Cite

Irmayanti, R., Marmoah, S., & Azman, M. (2026). Teachers’ Technological Readiness in Digital Learning: A Systematic Literature Review. Proceedings of Forum for University Scholars in Interdisciplinary Opportunities and Networking, 2(1), 1014–1029. Retrieved from https://conference.ut.ac.id/index.php/fusion/article/view/6640

Conference Proceedings Volume

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.